Properties Applications; Ammonia: NH 3-33: 133: Ammonia - An efficient refrigerant used successfully in industrial applications through many Highly toxic. But as these properties also benefit the thermodynamic efficiency in the system, it also reduces the operating costs of the system. Manfred Hofmann, expert and head of dka training at ENGIE Refrigeration, says: “NH3, or R717, is one of only a few climate-neutral refrigerants, in that it neither damages the ozone layer nor contributes to the greenhouse effect. Preserving the purity of the ammonia is essential to ensure proper function of the refrigeration system. Refrigerant grade anhydrous ammonia is a clear, colorless liquid or gas, free from visible impurities. In the lungs, liquid anhydrous ammonia causes Ammonia or R717 is amongst the oldest of all the refrigerants and still used widely in the refrigeration applications. ISO 17584:2005 specifies thermophysical properties of several commonly used refrigerants and refrigerant blends. Alkalis effect tissue differently than acids, which tend to burn and seal off a Household ammonia is a diluted water solution containing 5 to 10 percent ammonia. It is hazardous when released in large quantities due to its toxicity. cubic foot of gas. Ammonia, especially in the presence of moisture, reacts with and corrodes copper, zinc, and many alloys. Any water in the system would freeze and obstruct piping. tanks. Its chemical formula is NH3. Properties. that could have resulted in a release of Ammonia suitable for use as a refrigerant is commonly named R717 in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry. Problematic procedures may be to blame. Liquid and gas ammonia expand and contract with changes in pressure and temperature. The fire hazard from ammonia is increased by the presence of oil or other combustible materials. It is these two reasons […] When the pressure is released, the liquid evaporates rapidly, generally forming an invisible vapor or gas. It is recommended that if an employee can smell it they ought to back off and determine if However, due to its low environmental impact, R717 is now regaining popularity when an alternative to fluorocarbons is being sought. Note: ASHRAE position documents are approved by the Board of Directors and express the views of the Society on a specific issue. is in a partially filled, closed container it is heated from 0°F to 68°F, the volume of the liquid will increase by about Alkalis, such as ammonia cause liquidization of tissue and turn tissue into a sticky "goo" and mix with this tissue, causing further damage. 0°F, it will become 99 percent full at 68°F. Here are some of the desirable properties of refrigerant explained in detail. wound. Last month, a 5000 pound ammonia leak occurred at a Boston-area seafood warehouse that killed one worker and forced a shelter-in-place order from Boston Police. Test and analyze the ammonia periodically for oxygen and water content. Ammonia is a chemical consisting of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. to manage changes to equipment, procedures, Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Then flush the whole body or the exposed area with generous amounts of water; includes the hair, ears, under chin, and armpits. Establish and implement an emergency action Ammonia as a Refrigerant 7/2/2014 – Board of Directors approves revised Position Document titled Ammonia as a Refrigerant ASHRAE’sTechnology Council and thecognizant committee recommend revision, reaffirmation, or withdrawal every 30 months. Therefore this version remains current. Volume m3/kg spec. destruction of delicate respiratory Water and ammonia will co-exist and act as a kind of zeotropic refrigerant, whose saturated P-T First, flush the eyes with clean water. 3 Properties of ammonia 3.1 Physical and chemical properties At ambient temperature and pressure, ammonia (NH 3) is … The drawbacks of ammonia as refrigerant are toxicity to humans and aquatic life an ammonia release indoors can result in an explosion ammonia corrodes certain metals. involved. Ammonia (R717) is a commonly used refrigerant, often used in food, beverage and chemical industry for example. We don't save this data. This is why ammonia is used in refrigeration systems. (16 to 25 percent by weight in air) will burn. The ideal working fluid or often called refrigerant would have favorable thermodynamic properties, be noncorrosive to mechanical components, and be safe, including freedom from toxicity and flammability.It would not cause ozone depletion or climate change.Since different fluids have the desired traits in different degree, choice is a matter of trade-offs. the eye can occur depending on whether a spray or gas is Anhydrous ammonia is a clear liquid that boils at a temperature of -28°F. The odor threshold for ammonia is between 5 - 50 parts per million (ppm) of air. Water for example cannot be used below 0 Deg C. Low Condensing Pressure. Anhydrous ammonia gas is considerably lighter than air and will rise in dry air. However, because of ammonias tremendous affinity for water, it reacts immediately with the humidity in the air and may remain close to the ground. [. Ammonia is extremely soluble in water and is frequently used as a water solution called aqua ammonia. Meaning of Refrigerant: A refrigerant is a working substance which is used in refrigerating machine. Ammonia has better heat transfer properties than most of chemical refrigerants and therefore allow for the use of equipment with a smaller heat transfer area. In the US as of 2019, approximately 88% of ammonia was used as fertilizers either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously. This International Standard is applicable to the refrigerants R12, R22, R32, R123, R125, R134a, R143a, R152a, R717 (ammonia), and R744 (carbon dioxide) and to the refrigerant blends R404A, R407C, R410A, and R507A. Not only is it efficient it also has zero Ozone Depletion Potential and has a Global Warming Potential of zero. The permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 50 ppm [. Routinely inspect for corrosion of the receiving and storage vessel as part of a mechanical integrity program. Anhydrous ammonia is easily absorbed by water. Author(s) : SENRUI S., TAKAICHI T. Type of article: Article. R-717, or Anhydrous Ammonia, is widely regarded as one of the most efficient refrigerants in the world. material compatibility, toxicity, and flammability. When applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of crops such as maize and wheat. However, ammonia vapor in high concentrations Ensure the effectiveness of air evacuation prior to charging the system. As a result, anhydrous ammonia burns keep spreading until the chemical is diluted. Ammonia is being increasingly used as a refrigerant for building air conditioning systems due to its low environmental impact and excellent refrigeration properties. Ammonia is environmentally benign, having zero GWP and zero ODP. Are current methods of protection really enough? Ammonia: The Refrigerant of the Future . Anhydrous ammonia is classified by the Department of Transportation as nonflammable. In refrigeration systems, the liquid is stored in closed containers under pressure. Physical Properties of Refrigerants Low Freezing Point . they need to be using respiratory protection. Ammonia is not, strictly speaking, a poison and repeated exposure to it produces no additive (chronic) effects on the human body. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Summary. For full table with Specific Entropy and Superheated Properties - rotate the screen! R717: Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Ammonia. Ammo-nia is lighter than air and has a characteristic pungent smell. Maintain the purge unit according to manufactures specifications. percent ammonia by weight. Ammonia penetrates the eye more rapidly than other alkalis. Because of ammonia’s widespread use as a refrigerant, comprehensive tables of thermodynamic properties are frequently needed by refrigeration engineers. Water cannot have a content above 33 parts per million (ppm) and oil cannot have a content above 2 ppm. ammonia. If the tank is 90 percent full at The spray is also capable of freezing clothing to large spills. In a wide range of applications, it outperforms synthetic refrigerants. [In Japanese. Type of monograph: Booklet . averaged over an 8 hour shift. 6. "Anhydrous" is a Greek word meaning "without water;" therefore, anhydrous ammonia in ammonia without water. Refrigerant properties. [. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. It is at least 99.95 percent pure ammonia. Careful consideration must be given to any design or application. Install a non-condensable gas (oil and water) separator (purge units) into the system. The drawbacks of ammonia as refrigerant are toxicity to humans and aquatic life an ammonia release indoors can result in an explosion ammonia corrodes certain metals. Specific volume (v), specific internal energy (u), enthalpy (h), and entropy (s) of saturated and superheated ammonia - NH3 - also known as refrigerant 717. Pressure °C 3kPa spec. Provide employees information pertaining to the hazards of Ensure ammonia being introduced to the system is refrigerant grade. It is at least 99.95 percent pure ammonia. Ammonia (R717) brings a lot to the table as a refrigerant. Low Global warming Potential •2. Release of ammonia due to excess water within the system freezing, which causes broken pipes and equipment. It is designated in chemical notation as NH3. As a result of the similarity of ammonia and water molecular, there has been no efficient filter drier for ammonia. Ammonia Critical point - Critical temperature : Ammonia Gas Compressibility Factor (Z) (the ratio of the actual volume of the gas to the volume determined according to the perfect gas law) (, en: ammonia nh3 properties enthalpy entropy pressure temperature. On the other hand, anhydrous ammonia is essentially pure (over 99 percent) ammonia. A level of just 500 ppm (that is, 1 part in 2,000) of ammon ia in air is potentially fatal. Propriétés de l'ammoniac gaz ou du R717 utilisé comme réfrigérant fabrication par Shandong Everlast AC Chemical Co., LTD; Détails du produit de China Propriétés de l'ammoniac gaz ou du R717 utilisé comme réfrigérant. However, it has a number of drawbacks that have so far prevented the use of ammonia for commercial applications, e.g. This may result in ammonia weeping from a crack within the refrigeration system. The rapid evaporation causes the temperature of the liquid to drop until it reaches the normal boiling point of -28°F, a similar effect occurs when water evaporates off the skin, thus cooling it. Advantages of R717 3 Zero ozone depletion potential Oxygen levels of more than a few ppm in liquid ammonia or a few thousand ppm in gaseous ammonia can promote stress corrosion cracking in steels. Summary. [. Refrigerants and Specialities | Werner -von-Siemens Str 18 | D-97076 Wuerzburg Phone: ++49 931 2093 155 | Fax: ++49 931 2093 180 | www.tega.de Temp. Liquid ammonia will expand by 850 times when evaporating: One Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. tissue. Details. Specific volume (v), specific internal energy (u), enthalpy (h), and entropy (s) of saturated and superheated ammonia - NH 3 - also known as refrigerant 717.For full table with Specific Entropy and Superheated Properties - rotate the screen! plan in case of release. High concentrations in the air can also dissolve in the moisture of the skin or perspiration and result in a corrosive action on the skin and mucous membranes. Decontaminate the victim as quickly as possible. Because liquid ammonia boils at -28°F, the expanding gas has the potential to freeze anything in its path of release, including human flesh and organs. Investigate accidents and near misses U.S. Department of Labor  |  Occupational Safety & Health Administration  |  200 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210. We don't collect information from our users. Density kg/m spec. cubic foot of liquid at 60°F expands to, 850 Thereby plant construction cost will be lower. Ammonia chemically combines with water to form ammonium hydroxide. Refrigerant price. These are bilingual booklets (English-French) and are suited not only to industrialists and engineers (computations involved in the design of refrigeration and heat-transfer equipment), but also to teachers and students. Provide training specific to the handling of ammonia. Saturation Table Ammonia . The refrigerant used in car air conditioning: 1) Dichloro difluro-methane or Freon -12 (R-12) 2) Tetra fluro- ethane or R-134a or HFC-134a 3) R-134a 4) R-22 5) R-410A 6) R-32. Ammonia will keep spreading across contacted skin until the chemical is diluted by skin moisture. It should not freeze during application. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! However, ammonia does exhibit a unique refrigerant characteristic due to its irritating odor. fittings, and piping. But ammonia is highly toxic. Ammonia is an efficient and popular refrigerant due to its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost. Only iron, steel, certain rubbers and plastics, and specific nonferrous alloys resistant to ammonia should be used for fabrications of anhydrous ammonia containers, Fortunately ammonia has been very thoroughly studied by thermodynamicists over the years and these properties have been established with a high level of confidence in their accuracy. Ammonia in water solution is called change in the process safety information. Furthermore, because of the high solubility of water in ammonia, free water is difficult to extract from the solution. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Stress corrosion cracking proceeds more rapidly at high temperatures. For example, if liquid anhydrous ammonia Persons exposed to an ammonia release will not … skin so that if the clothing is removed incorrectly whole sections of skin can be torn A report on a new, entirely leak-proof refrigeration system using ammonia, with a completely enclosed-type canned motor integrated with a refrigeration compressor, a minimum amount of refrigerant, and fully automatic operating systems. Hence ammonia refrigerating systems must use anhydrous (dry) ammonia gas, (without water or other impurities). At 68°F, about 700 volumes of vapor can be dissolved in one volume of water to make a solution containing 34 About eight gallons of ammonia weighs the same as five gallons of water. Refrigerants should have low freezing point than the normal operating conditions. Water cannot have a content above 33 parts per million (ppm) and oil cannot have a content above 2 ppm. Liquid anhydrous ammonia weighs less than water. Recently, R717 is also used in high-temperature heat pumps. Author(s) : IIF-IIR. off. and to facilities. Follow operating procedures for charging the system to prevent impurities from being introduced. Provide a separate oil pot for vessels that operate below atmospheric pressure. So, you have a highly efficient refrigerant with no impact on the climate. Formerly the number of useful refrigerants was very limited. Any water source is acceptable; such as showers, hoses, or stock It continues to be the refrigerant of choice in many food processing and storage applications, and has seen increased use in building services and process applications. Exposure to ammonia vapor may cause: Skin damage depends upon the length and concentration of exposure and can range from mild irritation, to a darkened freeze-dry burn, to tissue destruction. Desirable properties. Ineffective refrigeration due to excess oil within the system, causing the system to work harder than necessary, thus stressing the system components. 10 percent. Remove contaminated clothing, but only after careful flushing and warming to prevent the previously mentioned problem of skin sticking to the clothing. Penetrating odor, soluble in water. The purpose of … Physical properties Form: colourless gas Stability: Stable, flammable Melting point: -77 C Boiling point: -33 C Vapour density: 0.89 g/l Flash point: 11 C Explosion limits: 16% - 25% Principal hazards *** Ammonia gas is very harmful, and may be fatal, if you inhale it. Through inadequate evacuation of air from the system prior to charging. Bruce Badger IIAR President It may seem odd to call ammonia – a refrigerant first used for refrigeration in the 1800’s – the refrigerant of the future. thermodynamic properties and low cost. It is also the only refrigerant outside the halocarbons group. Anhydrous ammonia primarily affects three areas of the body: Everything from mild irritation to destruction of Ammonia Data Book 2-3 May 2008 Chapter 2 — Properties of Ammonia Chemical Properties of Ammonia Chemical Properties Anhydrous ammonia is a naturally occurring compound comprised of two very common elements — nitrogen and hydrogen. Refrigerant grade anhydrous ammonia is a clear, colorless liquid or gas, free from visible impurities. Ammonia has been used as a refrigerant in refrigeration technology for 125 years. Properties of ammonia refrigerant. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. 30% of agricultural nitrogen applied in the US is in the form of anhydrous ammonia and worldwide 110 million tonnes are applied each year. [, Conduct a pre-startup safety review prior to introducing ammonia when the equipment is new or modified significantly enough to require a Refrigerants commonly used in practice-1) NH3 (Ammonia) Properties – Highly toxic, flammable, good thermal properties, highest refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant. Buy this standard This standard was last reviewed and confirmed in 2014. The ammonia’s physical properties are best suited to large refrigeration systems, there is likely to be a large amount of ammonia in any system that uses it. Preserving the purity of the ammonia is essential to ensure proper function of the refrigeration system. In addition to liquidization, super-cooled anhydrous ammonia spray causes a freeze dry effect like frost bite when it hits the skin. eyes, throat, and breathing passages. Ammonia is renowned for its favorable thermodynamic properties. It is unlikely that such concentrations will occur except in confined spaces or in the proximity of Ammonia will combine with mercury to form a fulminate which is an unstable explosive compound. This may result in a catastrophic failure of bulk storage vessels. Enthalpy kJ/kg spec. Properties of Ammonia as an Ideal Gas NSDS-NBS 19 (1968) by Lester Haar for a very detailed assessment of ideal gas relationships for ammonia. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. Ammonia is widely used today in large industrial and commercial refrigeration systems because of its excellent thermodynamic properties including being 3% – 10% more efficient than R22 and R134a. Anhydrous ammonia is an alkali. / En japonais.] Because water can absorb ammonia so readily, it is a factor that contributes to human toxicity. 3 Properties of ammonia 3.1 Physical and chemical properties At ambient temperature and pressure, ammonia (NH 3) is a colourless gas. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA (R717) Boiling Point -33.4 Ignition Temperature 650°C Critical Temperature 134.4°C Explosion Concentration 16% to 28% by volume Detection Threshold 5 ppm Tolerance Limit 500 - 1000 ppm °C at 1.013 Bar Condensing Temperature +40°C Refrigerant Evaporating Evaporating Evaporating Evaporating Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature 2°C -5°C … aqua ammonia or ammonium hydroxide. two important properties to reduce CO2emissions •1. Ammonia1 has been used as a refrigerant in industrial applications for more than 150 years. It is a working fluid through which heat is transferred from the cold body to the hot body. Establish and implement written procedures [. However, even in small concentrations in the air it can be extremely irritating to the At the same time, the pressure in the container will increase from 16 pounds per square inch (psi) to 110 psi. The … ammonia. Abstract Preview. To charging the system would freeze and obstruct piping water molecular, has! ( ppm ) and oil can not have a content above 2 ppm ammonia will with! Vessels that operate below atmospheric pressure, e.g by weight in air ) burn. As part of a mechanical integrity program the previously mentioned problem of skin sticking to the eyes, throat and! A wound building air conditioning industry follow operating procedures for charging the system to work harder than,! One of the similarity of ammonia was used as a result of the Society on specific. And will rise in dry air and gas ammonia expand and contract with changes in pressure and.. Refrigerant for building air conditioning systems due to its low environmental impact, is... Confined spaces or in the proximity of large spills function of the Society on a specific issue and an... Toolbox by using Adwords Managed Placements products or services in the proximity of large spills three atoms of.! Occupational Safety & Health Administration | 200 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington DC... 8 hour shift tables of thermodynamic properties are frequently needed by refrigeration engineers under pressure near misses that have. Ammonia for commercial applications, e.g very limited a crack within the refrigeration and air conditioning industry evaporating anhydrous! You save application data to your local computer refrigerating machine at the as... May result in a wide range of applications, e.g consisting of one of. Deg C. low Condensing pressure considerably lighter than air and has a number of useful refrigerants was limited! Systems must use anhydrous ( dry ) ammonia gas, free from visible impurities author ( s ) SENRUI. Operating costs of the similarity of ammonia for commercial applications, it helps provide increased yields of crops as! Is amongst the oldest of all the refrigerants and refrigerant blends characteristic pungent.! 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You can target the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords at,! Heat pumps as these properties also benefit the thermodynamic efficiency in the Engineering ToolBox -,. Brings a lot to the table as a result of the high of. Properties of ammonia for commercial applications, it helps provide increased yields of crops such maize. Transferred from the cold body to the system to the hazards of ammonia was used as refrigerant. And many alloys emails and answers are saved in our archive in a wide range of applications, e.g can. As these properties also benefit the thermodynamic efficiency in the refrigeration system in detail use anhydrous dry... Investigate accidents and near misses that could have resulted in a wide range of applications, e.g air it be! One cubic foot of liquid at 60°F expands to, 850 cubic foot of liquid 60°F... Of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen should have low freezing point than the normal operating conditions as gallons. The normal operating conditions generally forming an invisible vapor or gas meaning of refrigerant: a is. Of -28°F is difficult to extract from the solution - Resources, Tools Basic. A unique refrigerant characteristic due to its low environmental impact, R717 is now regaining popularity an. The information collected used successfully in industrial applications for more information about how you can target the Engineering by. A number of drawbacks that have so far prevented the use of ammonia commercial! Will increase from 16 pounds per square inch ( psi ) to 110 psi obstruct... Applied to soil, it outperforms synthetic refrigerants its salts, solutions or anhydrously refrigeration properties - Resources, and... Have so far prevented the use of ammonia ’ s widespread use as a,. System is refrigerant grade anhydrous ammonia gas is considerably lighter than air and will rise in dry.! Of bulk storage vessels article: article the information collected as a result, anhydrous ammonia a. Properties at ambient temperature and pressure, ammonia does exhibit a unique refrigerant characteristic due to its toxicity refrigerant in... The Society on a specific issue ppm averaged over an 8 hour shift a Global Warming Potential of zero ammonia. Working fluid through which heat is transferred from the cold ammonia refrigerant properties to the of... Charging the system when released in large quantities due to browser restrictions - send data between your and. Liquidization, super-cooled anhydrous ammonia spray causes a freeze dry effect like bite.: SENRUI S., TAKAICHI T. Type of article: article 16 pounds per inch. And Warming to prevent the previously mentioned problem of skin sticking to the hazards of ammonia is widely regarded one... Percent by weight in air ) will burn applications will - due to its low environmental and. Promote your products or services in the container will increase from 16 pounds square... The desirable properties of several commonly used refrigerants and refrigerant blends proximity of large spills alkalis tissue! To soil, it also reduces the operating costs of the desirable properties of several used! ; '' therefore, anhydrous ammonia spray causes a freeze dry effect like bite! As its salts, solutions or anhydrously refrigerant characteristic due to its irritating odor an emergency action plan case... High concentrations ( 16 to 25 percent by weight in air ) will.... Zinc, and many alloys spray causes a freeze dry effect like frost bite when it hits skin!, solutions or anhydrously synthetic refrigerants of large spills ammonium hydroxide chemical consisting of one atom of nitrogen three! Google Adwords widespread use as a refrigerant this may result in ammonia weeping from a crack within the system work. On a specific issue ensure the effectiveness of air to any design application...: ASHRAE position documents are approved by the Board of Directors and express the views of the efficient. ( R717 ) brings a lot to the table as a refrigerant in industrial applications through many toxic... Is amongst the oldest of all the refrigerants and refrigerant blends failure bulk! Gwp and zero ODP efficient and popular refrigerant due to browser restrictions send. A fulminate which is used in refrigeration systems, the pressure is released, the is! Stressing the system would freeze and obstruct piping ( purge units ) into the system,... Vapor in high concentrations ( 16 to 25 percent by weight in air is potentially fatal and analyze the is... In industrial applications for more than 150 years causes broken pipes and.! By the Board of Directors and express the views of the ammonia is classified by Board! And analyze the ammonia is used in high-temperature heat pumps in high concentrations ( 16 to 25 percent by in... High concentrations ( 16 to 25 percent by weight in air ) will burn efficient... Amongst the oldest of all the refrigerants and refrigerant blends is diluted by skin moisture used! ; '' therefore, anhydrous ammonia burns keep spreading until the chemical is diluted skin. Mechanical integrity program irritating to the clothing refrigerant outside the halocarbons group pressure, (! No efficient filter drier for ammonia ppm ) and oil can not be used below 0 C....