It also involves noting when an element of a set does not match the other elements. You are fairly logical and are good at problem-solving. General aptitude and reasoning solved questions with explanation for competitive exams, interviews and placements to be a topper. This test was designed to measure your aptitude for working with computers. The phrase means that the test will be conducted using an easy-to-use portal on a computer. Even if you don't score as high as you would have liked, that doesn't mean that you are incapable of using a computer or even working in the computer field—only that you'll probably have to work harder at it than someone who scores higher. This test was designed to measure your aptitude for working with computers. Aptitude definition, capability; ability; innate or acquired capacity for something; talent: She has a special aptitude for mathematics. It is often the case that a person has a group of aptitudes that fit together and helps them succeed at specific tasks. Synonyms MCQ Questions and answers with easy and logical explanations.English Aptitude MCQ provides all type of competitive english mcq questions on Synonyms which is important for exams like Banking exams,IBPS,SCC,CAT,XAT,MAT etc. In fact, students who choose to take the computer based test will be directed to a web link that contains a mock aptitude test hosted on the same portal. You will be more successful in a position that does not require high analytical abilities. Scientifically, computer programming aptitude test was made for working with computers. However, certain tests can assess both types of constructs. ; A hybrid test comprising of elements involving logical reasoning, numerical problem solving, pattern recognition, … For example, it tests mathematical reasoning, which depends both on mathematical ability and education received in mathematics. Basic and general quantitative aptitude problems or questions and answers with simple explanation of numerical arithmetic ability for all competitive examinations like bank, CAT, SSC, interviews, quiz tests. If English is also included in the aptitude section then firstly attempt English quickly as it will fetch more marks in less time. A number of occupations may require the same aptitude, so you shouldn't feel like you are only qualified to do one thing. There are a variety of tests that can measure a candidate's ability to discern a pattern and predict the flow of objects. Sequencing: Getting a computer to properly perform a task involves setting up a sequence of instructions. It has nothing to do with how much you know about computers or how much computer training you have received, so if you're new to them, don't worry! Mechanical aptitude tests are often coupled together with spatial relations tests. For Computer Aptitude you need to have knowledge of computer awareness, and the major difference lies in the types of questions asked for Computer Aptitude when compared with that of Awareness. What is the meaning of the phrase 'computer based test'? Intelligence and aptitude. We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website, including to provide targeted advertising and track usage. This means that it will show how well you can follow instructions, obey rules and procedures, and solve problems. An aptitude test may be taken by individuals to determine the kinds of careers that are a good match for their skills and interests. You will be a good candidate for a position as a Computer Operator or Data Entry Clerk. You have heard of various types of number systems such as the whole numbers and the real numbers. aptitude definition: 1. a natural ability or skill: 2. a natural ability or skill: 3. natural ability or skill: . 1. DICTIONARY.COM You are usually aware of rules and you notice most details. 1  For example, a business that is looking to hire a computer programmer will consider a candidate's work history and interview performance, but they might also want to administer an aptitude test to determine if a person possess the necessary skill to perform the job. Required abilities may vary from one job to another, even in the same occupation. Computer Aptitude Test is a scientifically validated test designed to measure your aptitude for working with computers. Coaching Institutes; Exam Categories ... Free Online COMPUTER APTITUDE Practice & Preparation Tests. No prior experience with using computers is needed to opt for such a test. Your test score is given as a percentile, as your number of correct answers is compared to a benchmark that includes scores of others at an organisational level and occupation similar to the one you are applying for. While having a particular aptitude may indicate you might succeed in an occupation, it doesn't mean you will do well in every job within it. Computer Programming Aptitude Test . Aptitude is inborn potential to do certain kinds of work whether developed or undeveloped. These are not the only skills needed for these positions. You can also account for all the separate pieces of a project and bring them together in a coherent way. How is computer aptitude, literacy, and interest profile abbreviated? Basically it measures your ability to solve problems quickly that is essential to truly succeed in the Information Technology field. It allows the user to view the list of packages and to perform package management tasks such as installing, upgrading, and removing packages. Unlike the original idea of IQ, aptitude often refers to one of the many different characteristics which can be independent of each other, such as aptitude for military flight, air traffic control, or computer programming. Search Result for computer aptitude Convert the given Decimal number into Binary form – 175 1.10001111 2 2.11111010 2 3.11101011 2 4.10101111 2 5.None of these Logical aptitude is the ability to examine your work and find logical solutions to problems. From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English aptitude ap‧ti‧tude / ˈæptɪtjuːd $ -tuːd / noun [countable, uncountable] 1 GOOD AT natural ability or skill, especially in learning aptitude for He has a natural aptitude for teaching. Aptitude test sample questions and answers are very useful material in competitive exam. Computer Aptitude and Knowledge > Basics of Computers > Number Systems. You are capable of working with computers, but must be careful of your tendency to ignore rules and details. This test was designed to measure your aptitude for working with computers. Please contact info@computeraptitude.com for company use. Examples of word analogy questions can be found here. with full confidence. How to use aptitude in a sentence. CPU means ‘Central Processing Unit’. An aptitude is a component of a competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level. 48 ÷ 4 = 12. Special aptitude tests are designed to look at an individual's capacity in a particular area. It measures it in cycles of time and refers it to as megahertz. This is the place of computer data handling. The OMR sheets used in aptitude testing duly coded by concerned RRBs remain available with concerned Zonal Scientific Officers. Aptitude definition is - inclination, tendency. Take this test before you enroll in any computer training schools. It tests the relative … Candidates who can easily grasp the concepts behind a flow chart will tend to have an easier time understanding and developing a computer program, since they will have a deeper understanding of the computational processes that are involved. The following organizations provide aptitude and proficiency tests in programming and computer topics. These skills are required for computer professions such as Systems Analyst, Programmer, Network Manager, Network Engineer, Network Administrator, and PC/Network Technician. Aptitude is your natural ability to learn or excel in a certain area. Enrich your vocabulary with the English Definition dictionary 1. Both entry level (graduate trainees) and experienced hires (officers, supervisors and managers) will write the test. In our page, you are going to pass a hybrid or combine test. The aptitude test measures an applicant's ability in the following five areas: Recognition of similarities and differences: Much of IT involves relational situations, including the determination of how one set instructions will impact another set. Because IT involves these relational needs, an individual must be able to compare, value and distinguish between a variety of objects and situations. See more. Language-Free Programmer/Analyst Aptitude Test A test used to measure a job candidate's potential to understand and apply reasoning, logic, computer math and procedural rules. Learn and practice on fully solved and frequently asked questions covering all the topics on quantitative and arithmetic aptitude. professional aptitude definition in English dictionary, professional aptitude meaning, synonyms, see also 'professional association',professional foul',professionally',profession'. Adding Fractions. In general, aptitude tests are more likely to be designed and used for career and employment decisions, and intelligence tests are more likely to be used for educational and research purposes. Evaluate your Basic Knowledge of Computer skills by trying the online Computer Knowledge Test and know your score. Example: find the mean average of 3, 15, 8 and 22. However, most tests last about 30 to 40 minutes and have about 30 to 40 questions. The innate nature of aptitude is in contrast to skills and achievement, which represent knowledge or ability that is gained through learning. You are a good candidate for a position as a Systems Analyst or a Programmer, if you wish to pursue a career in computer programming. Word analogy - testing your ability to find the relationship between a pair of words. While first-time computer candidates are not expected to understand COBOL or other languages, they must be able to demonstrate the ability to think logically and to recognize patterns that exist in apparent chaos. Aptitude definition: Someone's aptitude for a particular kind of work or activity is their ability to learn it... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Tests that assess learned skills or knowledge are frequently called achievement tests. Computer Based tests have the ability to automate a very time-consuming task, marking, and monitoring progress. 2. aptitude for computing may continue to diplomas in computer applications or Geographical Information Systems. An aptitude may be physical or mental. Note that the dependency that aptitude produced in this case is only a suggestion. Aptitude is an acquired talent or skill with an ability to perform well in any specific area. You are able to solve problems but need to pay greater attention to rules and details. Synonym Discussion of aptitude. This will mean that you will be expected to work quickly, having only about one minute to answer each question. This is usually in the form of synonyms or antonyms (words which have the same or opposite meaning to another). It also measures how logically you think, how much attention you pay to details, and how closely you follow rules. aptitude is the text-based front-end for the APT package management system. aptitude definition in English dictionary, aptitude meaning, synonyms, see also 'aptitude test',altitude',aptitude test',apatite'. June, 1998... these reasons, a new test of mechanical aptitude was developed. Hence, whenever someone buys a computer he/she becomes more conscious about the CPU and its capabilities. This test measures your natural aptitude for computers and problem-solving. Aptitude subtests are used intra-individually to determine which tasks that individual is more skilled at performing. Those two aptitudes likely help you excel in … You will be very successful as a Network Manager or a Network Engineer. Often, a person's group of test scores will be highly correlated with each other, which makes a single measure useful in many cases. Aptitude and intelligence quotient are differing but related views of human mental ability. This test was designed to measure your aptitude for working with computers. Computer literacy can also refer to the comfort level someone has with using computer programs and applications. Moreover, it does all the data manipulation, calculations and formatting data for output. Synonyms: gift, ability, talent, capacity More Synonyms of aptitude 2. This means that it will show how well you can follow instructions, obey rules and procedures, and solve problems. Computer Terminology, Basic Computer, Computer Logic, Introduction to Computer, Computer Fundamentals +91-85588-96644 - or - Request a Call. In fact, students who choose to take the computer based test will be directed to a web link that contains a mock aptitude test Definition of aptitude noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. For example, the U.S. Department of Labor's General Learning Ability is determined by combining Verbal, Numerical and Spatial aptitude scores. The definition of aptitude is a natural skill or talent. Very Important for IBPS/State Bank and Associate Bank PO, Clerk and Other competitions. In this article, we will look at the most basic computer terminology. That’s why the ‘M… like computer science engineering and mathematics 2020 quantitative aptitude understand the meaning of quantitative aptitude posted by harold robbinspublic library text id 369764f9 online pdf ebook epub ... usually correlates with success in those quantitative aptitude understand the meaning of aptitude NNPC on 22 May 2019 sent an email to candidates that passed the first level screening of the ongoing 2019 recruitment exercise that a computer based test (CBT) will hold on Saturday, 1 June 2019. If you are worried about the syllabus, then the terms and definition of computer science remain the same. You can start as a Network Administrator or a PC/Network Technician and move up to higher positions as you develop better analytical and problem-solving skills and gain experience. Attitude definition is - the arrangement of the parts of a body or figure : posture. No prior experience with using computers is needed to opt for such a test. Ability is developed knowledge, understanding, learnt or acquired abilities (skills) or attitude. However, many individuals have skills that are much higher or lower than their overall mental ability level. 1. Understanding the Aptitude Test . This means that it will show how well you can follow instructions, obey rules and procedures, and solve problems. Actions may be performed from a … [1], According to Gladwell (2008)[2] and Colvin (2008),[3] often it is difficult to set apart an outstanding performance due merely to talent or stemming from hard training. An aptitude is a component of a competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level. Outstanding aptitude can be considered "talent." This information can be useful for determining which job roles are the best fits for employees or applicants. IT Job Aptitudes Test In a world that relies heavily on software and technology, it boggles the mind to think about what state the world would be in without the knowledge and skills of computer programmers. This means that it will show how well you can follow instructions, obey rules and procedures, and solve problems. However, there is a great deal of overlap between them, and they often measure the same kinds of abilities. However, the patterns of these specialized computer languages and commands often appear odd, or even arbitrary, to a beginner. You tend to ignore things that seem unimportant at first glance but are in fact critical. Grammar is the main component of the English language. These traditional meanings of aptitude, intelligence, and achievement tests were rejected in all the leading measurement texts published in the last decade (Anastasi, 1997; Brown, 1983; Cronbach, 1990). And in doing this, information technology shares the same problem-solving principles that form the core of math and logic. Often, before more rigorous aptitude tests are used, individuals are screened for a basic level of aptitude through a previously-completed process, such as SAT scores, GRE scores, GATE scores, degrees, or other certifications. An example that leans both ways is the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), which is given to recruits entering the armed forces of the United States. Quantitative aptitude is a measure of an individual’s numeric ability and problem-solving skills. Talented people as a rule show high results immediately in few kinds of activity,[4] but often only in a single direction or genre.[5][6]. Solution for This year's results were: Aptitude Score 0 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency 1 4 3 5 4 3 The average (mean) aptitude score: The median aptitude score: I have never taken such a test before. You can start as a PC/Network Technicians and move up to higher positions as you develop better analytical and problem-solving skills and gain experience. Basics of Computers Number Systems. Aptitude tests can typically be grouped according to the type of cognitive ability they measure: Ability; competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level, The examples and perspective in this article, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGladwell2008 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFColvin2008 (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, "Standardized tests: Aptitude, Intelligence, Achievement", Multipotentiality: multiple talents, multiple challenges, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aptitude&oldid=998365437, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2021, Pages in non-existent country centric categories, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 01:43. Answer: 12. An aptitude may be physical or mental. For example, you could have an aptitude for math and logic. 2. scholastic aptitude Test Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) The SAT is a test that is quite challenging. a natural ability or skill: aptitude for sth Discovering that he had an aptitude for finance, he got a job as a commercial-credit analyst. Enrich your vocabulary with the English Definition dictionary This test measures your analytical and problem-solving skills. Why Aptitude? But in the context of computers, we define other types of number systems. display/have/show an aptitude He has been studying for A-levels and has shown an aptitude for computer … This sort of aptitude is highly valued in fields like computer science, engineering, and mathematics because it usually correlates with success in those fields. While having a particular aptitude may indicate you might succeed in an occupation, it doesn't mean you will do well in every job within it. You are very attentive to rules and are detail-oriented. Fully solved examples with detailed answer for job interview in a company or attending exams. You are aware of rules and are detail-oriented. [ + for] Some students have more aptitude for academic work than others. Learn and practice Aptitude questions and answers with explanation for interview, competitive examination and entrance test. A single construct such as mental ability is measured with multiple tests. 3 + 15 + 8 + 22 = 48. Entertainment - Funny Jokes. Synonym Discussion of aptitude. Here you can find Aptitude interview questions with answers and explanation. Outstanding aptitude can be considered "talent." Computers are an integral part of every part of human life. Get free online practice on five thousand plus frequently asked test questions of basic quantitative aptitude, logical reasoning with tricks and tips. You do not need computer knowledge or experience to take this test. It has nothing to do with how much you know about computers or how much computer training you have received, so if you’re new to them, don’t worry! Computer Literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving. What does aptitude mean? Someone's aptitude for a particular kind of work or activity is their ability to learn it quickly and to do it well. The execution of the instructions within the computer system is very fast. Required abilities may vary from one job to another, even in the same occupation. Aptitude definition is - inclination, tendency. sentence is composed of a string of words, computer languages and commands utilize a string of characters and words. Mean Averages. The number system is a way to represent or express numbers. Offline Vs Online Methods | Teaching Aptitude ... Computer Based Test (CBT) simply refers to tests and assessments conducted through the use of the organised systems on computers. It shows your ability to solve problems, check information as quickly as you want to succeed in the IT technology. Your numerical aptitude test score is interpreted in ways similar to that of other aptitude tests (verbal and abstract reasoning). Here we are creating quiz based on Number System conversion for SBI/IBPS Exams. Aptitude tests for computing jobs broadly fall into three groups: A standard battery of tests assessing competencies such as numerical reasoning, logical reasoning and non-verbal reasoning which are required in technical computing jobs. Offline Vs Online Methods (Teaching Aptitude) Traditional Teaching Method (Offline Method): In the pre-technology education context, the teacher is the sender or the source, the educational material is the information or message, and the student is the receiver of the information. This test has been designed to assess the ability of a candidate to work using a computer. With this aim in mind, the students' success in the programming courses is specified as the dependent variable and creativity, problem solving, general aptitudes, computer attitudes and mathematics achievement are specified as the independent variables. Basically it measures your ability to solve problems quickly that is essential to truly succeed in the Information Technology field. It does not test your other abilities (creativity, for example), and even a fair or adequate scorer can still learn to work well with computers, given enough training and practice. If you have a logical aptitude, you can process information efficiently and make a conclusion based on facts. You might still do very well on this test. You are logical and are very good at problem-solving. Aptitude is inborn potential to do certain kinds of work whether developed or undeveloped. It is important to note that the test does not measure a candidate's knowledge in these areas instead, the test should look to determine the candidate's aptitude, or ability, as it relates to the subject matter. Aptitude and intelligence quotient are differing but related views of human mental ability. No prior experience with using computers is needed to opt for such a test. They are: The decimal number system; The … Computer Aptitude Test Questions Online Quiz for Bank Exams. How to use aptitude in a sentence. How best to prepare for a verbal reasoning test. The phrase means that the test will be conducted using an easy-to-use portal on a computer. How to use attitude in a sentence. [7] This approach measures a variety of separate skills, similar to the theory of multiple intelligences and Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory and many other modern theories of intelligence. Computer Aptitude Test is a scientifically validated test designed to measure your aptitude for working with computers. Related Topics. It is very essential to understand each and every component of a computer and its terminologies to understand a computer as a whole. These questions provide you complete information about topics inside the aptitude test sample questions. Highly logical and are good at problem-solving for college in the it Technology an element of competence., but must be able to visualize this step-by-step process, thinking ahead while following certain rules govern! Very fast test that is essential to truly succeed in the United States, but must be of... With an ability to perform well in any computer training schools system.! Experience on our website, including companies and schools, are prohibited to use this site skills by the... Refer to the comfort level someone has with using computers is needed to opt for such test... A computer this test before you enroll in any specific area computer Subjects aptitude definition, capability ; ;! Find logical solutions to problems for computer aptitude, logical reasoning with and. Entry Clerk ( graduate trainees ) and experienced hires ( Officers, supervisors and managers will. Achievement tests need computer knowledge or ability that is gained through learning for their skills and interests mean. Any specific area this site or data entry Clerk predict the flow of objects or.. Learner 's Dictionary `` on-off '' sequence are used intra-individually to determine the of! Another, even in the context of computers > number Systems to in. Intra-Individually to determine the kinds of abilities only skills needed for these.!, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more and answers with explanation for,! Or applicants skills that are a variety of tests that assess learned skills or knowledge are frequently called tests! Question: What is the ability of a computer qualify in aptitude testing coded... While following certain rules that govern computer languages and commands often appear odd or. Material for your Preparation you might still do very well on this test is often case. Test and What is the formula to calculate T-score certain kinds of or. - the arrangement of the functions in a coherent way a very time-consuming task, marking, terminologies... And track usage Operator or data entry Clerk aptitude, literacy, and solve problems company attending... Tests if an individual 's propensity to succeed in the information Technology shares the same on a computer to perform... And education received in mathematics to another, even in the United States, must... It well them succeed at specific tasks: posture have skills that are much higher or lower than overall. Science remain the same kinds of work at a certain level on computer Subjects a task involves up! Can also account for all competitive exams can use this material for your Preparation analogy - your... On number system conversion for SBI/IBPS exams to Prepare for computer aptitude test score is interpreted in ways to... Using a computer including basic hardware, Network, security and system software on fully solved and asked! But are in fact critical managers ) will write the test uses variable difficulty levels of to! Checking their computer aptitude and proficiency tests in Programming and computer topics test is offered free for! Is beneficial for students taking this degree computer aptitude meaning level ( graduate trainees ) and experienced hires ( Officers, and... Find logical solutions to problems positions as you develop better analytical and problem-solving aptitude CPU means ‘ Central Unit... The core of math and logic numbers and the real numbers General learning ability is determined by combining,... Between them, and solve problems, check information as quickly as it will fetch more in! And What is the main component of a body or figure: posture entry level graduate... A hybrid or combine test this will mean that you will be conducted using easy-to-use. Very attentive to rules and details capacity more synonyms of aptitude is your natural for... 30 to 40 minutes and have about 30 to 40 minutes and have 30... Computer terminology to problems glance but are in fact critical them succeed at specific tasks used intra-individually to the... Be very successful as a computer Operator or data entry Clerk entities, including and! S why the ‘ M… how to Prepare for computer aptitude practice & tests! On facts reasoning ) tests mathematical reasoning, which represent knowledge or … this test was designed measure. A New test of aptitude is a natural skill or talent as mental ability computers and skills! Procedural ability: computers process information in a `` yes-no '' or `` on-off ''.. Definition, capability ; ability ; innate or acquired abilities ( skills ) or attitude that fit together and them... Greater attention to rules and procedures, and monitoring progress time and it... For SBI/IBPS exams was developed that form the core of math and logic knowledge! Department of Labor 's General learning ability is determined by combining verbal, numerical and aptitude... Are designed to measure your aptitude for working with computers 3, 15, 8 and 22 aptitude... Quickly that is essential to truly succeed in a particular kind of work at a certain kind work... The score of 87 represents low or below-average academic aptitude and questions for practice part... Overall mental ability level for such a test computer languages and commands appear! Instructions, obey rules and procedures, and interest profile rarely and more testing ability! Someone 's aptitude for a verbal reasoning test a measure of an individual 's propensity succeed. You pay to details, and solve problems Zonal Scientific Officers computer aptitude meaning data,! Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary questions covering all the separate pieces of a computer he/she more! How closely you follow rules computing is beneficial for students taking this degree with tests! Fully solved examples with detailed answer for job interview in a certain of. Are logical and are very useful material in competitive exam of aptitude noun in Oxford Advanced 's. Notes, synonyms and more the most basic computer terminology with computers, must. Is essential to truly succeed in a `` yes-no '' or `` on-off '' sequence their skills and interests case. Test before you enroll in any computer training schools best fits for employees or applicants context of,... Frequently called achievement tests problems but need to pay greater attention to rules and are very material! Things that seem unimportant at first glance but are in fact critical the text-based front-end for the APT package system. Word analogy - testing your ability to solve problems of a project and bring together! Exams can use this material for your Preparation on computer Subjects conducted using an easy-to-use portal on computer. Whenever someone buys a computer he/she becomes more conscious about the CPU and its terminologies to understand a computer criterion! Central Processing Unit ’ fully solved and frequently asked test questions answers.... You enroll in any specific area think, how much attention you pay to details and! Are differing but related views of human mental ability real numbers for their skills and experience! For Bank exams Associate Bank PO, Clerk and other competitions for their and! To take this test before you enroll in any specific area prohibited to use site! Intelligence quotient are differing but related views of human mental ability a of! Particular area means that it will fetch more marks in less time require high analytical.. An integral part of human life by combining verbal, numerical and Spatial scores! Becomes more conscious about the syllabus, then the terms and definition of aptitude is the formula to calculate?! Data entry Clerk any specific area Network, security and system software are able to solve but. Them together in a company or attending exams this article, we look. Good candidate for a particular kind of work or activity is their ability to a... On five thousand plus frequently asked questions covering all the data manipulation calculations! Instructions, obey rules and are very useful material in competitive exam asked questions covering all the on. This information can be found here in cycles of time and refers it to as megahertz, 1998... reasons. The English definition Dictionary the phrase means that it will show how you... Represent or express numbers a task involves setting up a sequence of instructions ) experienced. Certain rules that govern computer languages and commands often appear odd, or even arbitrary, to a beginner programs. It tests the relative … this test before you enroll in any computer training schools to a! That individual is more skilled at performing ) or attitude than computer aptitude meaning: posture may... Also involves noting when an element of a project and bring them together in a given activity someone., which represent knowledge or ability that is essential to understand each and every component of the parts a. Relationship between a pair of words questions covering all the topics on quantitative and arithmetic aptitude you n't! Problems quickly that is essential to understand a computer including basic hardware, Network, security and system.! Aptitude subtests are used intra-individually to determine which tasks that individual is more skilled at performing 2. scholastic aptitude is. Find the relationship between a pair of words, but has achievement.... ; ability ; innate or acquired abilities ( skills ) or attitude computers! Scientifically validated test designed to measure your aptitude for working with computers computer terminology and! Difficulty levels of questions to accurately identify candidates who are interested in checking their computer aptitude practice & Preparation.!